February 12, 2009

Nullification Crisis

Good friend of this blog, T. C. Calhoun, sends a link to a Resolution in the New Hampshire Statehouse:

HCR 6
A RESOLUTION affirming States;; rights based on Jeffersonian principles.

That any Act by the Congress of the United States, Executive Order of the President of the United States of America or Judicial Order by the Judicatories of the United States of America which assumes a power not delegated to the government of United States of America by the Constitution for the United States of America and which serves to diminish the liberty of the any of the several States or their citizens shall constitute a nullification of the Constitution for the United States of America by the government of the United States of America. Acts which would cause such a nullification include, but are not limited to:

Good fun and all. Few are more fervent believers in the Ninth Amendment than I. But I have been immersed in the antebellum presidencies of late and nullification is a dirty word to me.
[A]t the April 13, 1830, banquet commemorating Jefferson's birthday. The event was a longstanding tradition among congressional Republicans, but the recent use of Jefferson's writings to justify nullification imbued the 1830 celebration with particular significance. Warned in advance by Van Buren that several "nullifiers" were expected to attend, the president and his advisers carefully scripted his remarks. After the meal, and an interminable series of toasts, Jackson rose to offer his own: "Our Union. It must be preserved." Calhoun was well prepared with an explosive rejoinder: "The Union. Next to our liberty, the most dear." Jackson had the last word a few days later, when he asked a South Carolina congressman about to depart for home to "give my compliments to my friends in your State, and say to them, that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States, I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct, upon the first tree I can reach."

As blog pragmatist, however, put me down with (then SecState) Van Buren:
A third toast was given that night; it went unheeded and was all but forgotten. Yet the voice of moderation and reconciliation was also present at that dinner party. The third toast, offered by a polished, rotund little Dutchman from the Hudson River Valley, came while the tension of the exchange between Jackson and Calhoun was still in the air. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren drew himself erect and proclaimed: "Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concessions. Through their agency our Union was founded. The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it."

Philosophy Posted by John Kranz at February 12, 2009 4:30 PM

Great minds run in the same channel - I got excited a couple of days ago about the Granite State's HCR6, and even more so to discover New Hampshire is not the only state seriously looking at this.

Just for fun - and I do mean this all in good spirits, to explore the issue - I'm going to play the contrarian, and keep this lively. Why, my good friend, do you choose "Nullification Crisis" as your title, when the simple matter is that the Federal government is the aggressor here? Had not the Federal government overstepped its bounds and gone beyond its enumerated powers, there would never be any need to utter the word "nullification," would there? Would this dispute ever have arisen, but for the Federal government's meddling in affairs none of its business, but the proper realm of the individual States and their respective citizens?

At the risk of throwing napalm on the fire, let me throw out for the crowd a few questions:

(1) If the Federal government, when inviting a territory to accept Statehood, promises to respect various rights and other privileges, and then reneges on its word, what recourse does that State and its citizens have?

(2) Is there a right to secession, and if so, what is its process or mechanism?

(3) If the United States recognizes the rights of various other entities to sever ties with their former political associations - for example, the former Soviet republics, and various Balkan states - then would it not be hypocritical to not afford the same opportunity to its own states internally?

(4) [WARNING: POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS AND INFLAMMATORY HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION!] If a person's spouse violated the vows of their marriage to the degree that the Federal government violates its own to the States, how should that person feel?

Now, before jk offers to fill the role of Mr. Jackson and hang me, I'm not favoring the dissolution of the United States - I'm just askin' the question. I'd dearly love to the America remain united for centuries to come with a smaller, enumerated-powers central government, primarily focused on external issues with other nations, national defense, and interstate issues.

Posted by: Keith at February 12, 2009 5:59 PM

The trouble with Old Hickory is that so many quotes about him appear to be apocryphal. Leaving the Van Buren inauguration "it is said" that somebody asked him if he had any regrets or was disturbed by unfinished business. "That I didn't shoot Clay or hang Calhoun" is the reputed reply. Too good to question.

No, I am Van Buren here. I'm expecting most ThreeSourcers to rally 'round HCR 6. Yet I feel the Union provides benefits which outweigh her overbearance.

Were the people of New Hampshire as devoted to liberty as their license plates and radical resolutions attest -- would they have sent Jeanne Shaheen to the Senate with Mister Gregg?

"Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concessions. Through their agency our Union was founded. The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it." I'll drink to that.


Posted by: jk at February 12, 2009 7:05 PM

Keith I owe you more answers, I ducked several direct questions.

"Nullification Crisis" was a link to South Carolina's rejection of the tariff. The Palmetto State certainly thought that the Federal government was meddling and exceeding the rights it promised on the acceptance of statehood.

I would accept a right to secede, but the time is not there to pull the trigger yet.

On your spousal comparison, I find the individual states completely complicit in the encroachment of Federal power. You guys will howl if I bring up the Gene Healy book again, but it is maddening how the States and the Legislative branch are now partners in crime with a strong Federal government and strong Executive. Madison's beloved balance of powers has been completely subverted. This marriage is rotting from the inside.

I was not being flippant when I brought up Senator Shaheen. If the good people of NH want less Federal control, voting her in was a pretty funny way to show it.


Posted by: jk at February 12, 2009 7:20 PM

Jk, it might be a little unfair to name me 'Calhoun.' If I remember correctly, my e-mail included no personal commentary but the words "food for thought." Left unsaid was whether I supported this resolution.

I have long believed that the greatest error found in the United States Constitution is its omissions of a clearly defined method of secession for states who no longer wished to be in the Union. While I understand why the framers would omit such a section, this omission has led to many an evil thing, the most notable being the Civil War.

On the other hand, I think nullification is complete crock. It is all a matter of authority- from whence does the state of New Hampshire (or South Carolina for that matter) receive the authority to judge whether or not the federal government is acting in accord with its founding charter? If the legislature of New Hampshire can choose what actions are constitutional and which actions are not, what is to stop individuals from doing so? Can T. Greer decide which laws apply to him and which laws do not?

The thought is ridiculous- the judiciary is the one body who is to lawfully judge the constitutionality of the government's actions. If they fail this task then the people still hold their right to protect their liberties by mean of secession and rebellion. However, I have to agree with Daniel Webster on this count. There is no middle way. As he stated in a rather famous oration of his:

"But I cannot conceive that there can be a middle course, between submission to the laws, when regularly pronounced constitutional, on the one hand, and open resistance, which is revolution or rebellion, on the other. I say, the right of a State to annul a law of Congress cannot be maintained, but on the ground of the inalienable right of man to resist oppression; that is to say, upon the ground of revolution. I admit that there is an ultimate violent remedy, above the Constitution and in defiance of the Constitution, which may be resorted to when a revolution is to be justified. But I do not admit, that, under the Constitution and in conformity with it, there is any mode in which a State government, as a member of the Union, can interfere and stop the progress of the general government, by force of her own laws, under any circumstances whatever.

Posted by: T. Greer at February 13, 2009 1:30 AM

No, tg, not fair at all. It also contravenes my policy of not sharing an emailer's identity without permission. Apologies all around.

But -- and this is important -- I thought it was funny and that it sounded good.

It is an interesting topic and I was expecting to be the only ThreeSourcer not rooting for secession. We're a millenarian lot around here and most seem ready to shake up the board and start over. I was eking out a contrarian position that I have not had to defend.

To be fair: Calhoun, bless his pea-pickin' little heart, was far more faithful to the founder's intent than was President Jackson. You'd need a heart of stone to not appreciate our seventh President but he did invent the Imperial Presidency I so dislike.

Thanks for the Webster quote, I second it. I find it funny that Webster and Calhoun were bookends in President Tyler's Spinal Tap-drummers-esque progression of SecStates. That's Hope and Change to believe in.

Posted by: jk at February 13, 2009 11:12 AM

T. Greer and jk: well-reasoned and well-received statements on both your counts. I'm actually pleased that my own questions didn't turn out to be the basis for a flame war - I envision that in a lot of venues, it would have, but cooler heads prevail here.

TG, the Webster quotation is on point, and it highlights the risk that HCR6 brings up: it's a message that says to the Federal government, "you're exceeding your rightful bounds; back off, or else." The problem arises when the Federal government ignores it. What then does New Hampshire do? The choices are to acquiesce, or to revolt. Webster is right, there are no other choices.

Ideally, I think all of us agree that we'd want the Federal government to wake up and decide to return to original principles, restore the power to govern back to the States, and so on. I don't think any of us believe that will happen.

Posted by: Keith at February 13, 2009 11:47 AM

TG, it is the right and duty of anyone, whether a private citizen or government official, to nullify a bad law. Where do you think government power comes from? Is it not from the consent of the governed, as Jefferson wrote? Bastiat expanded on this later on, explaining that for this reason, government cannot do anything (legitimately) that private individuals cannot do. Therefore a government cannot exercise legitimate power if it does not have the consent.

Jefferson, if you bother to check his first inaugural address, was supportive of the idea that states may secede. That's where we get his "error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it" quote. Jefferson and Madison, in fact, wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions as the states' methods of nullifying the clearly tyrannical Alien and Sedition Acts.

Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes — delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: that to this compact each State acceded as a State, and is an integral part, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party: that the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.
Now what did the original colonies do but secede from Great Britain? Should they have waited for Parliament and English judges, or were they in fact correct to take back their God-given rights using whatever force was necessary?

Think about what you're saying: you're arguing that judging a law must be left up to a judiciary, which oftentimes has been corrupt or wholly mistaken. Never mind the decisions against Kelo and Raich. Need I remind you of our highest court ruling that Dred Scott was property and not a human being?

So as I have said before, just because something is "the law" does not mean it is moral or correct. Just because someone is called "Your Honor" does not mean he is the sole decider of what is moral or correct, or "constitutional."

You said, "the judiciary is the one body who is to lawfully judge the constitutionality of the government's actions." According to whom? I never said so. The Constitution does not explicitly say so. Yet you and most Americans seem to accept the Marbury v. Madison decision without question, which was merely the SCOTUS giving itself a power that it was never explicitly given.

The concept of "jury nullification" -- jurors ruling on the law -- used to be a time-honored principle. It wasn't just an American one, but an English one that predated the Constitution's ratification by over two centuries. That is the reliable method to judge the government's actions. "Assemble" and "petition" all you want, but if the people have no power to overturn any bad part of government, then it's no less than tyranny. The government might be as "democratic" as could be, which is no contradiction, because democracy is a form of tyranny.

My family has had police barge into our home on the basis of pure hearsay. There was no suspicion of a crime, let alone probable cause or a warrant. It would have been our right to shoot down the bastards, then try and convict their supervisor as the mastermind of the crime, as is proper to do with any other criminal. And they were certainly criminals, regardless of what badge they sported, because they violated our rights.

I have been threatened by a judge whose friend was suing me. The ruling was eventually in my favor, because I brought up a solid point of law the judge couldn't contradict. If it had gone against me, however, it would have been my right to defend my person and property as I saw fit. Even now, with the judge in a higher office and as corrupt as ever, it would be the right of "the people" to march upon his office and hang him from the nearest suitable tree branch.

You need to read my piece that distinguishes between justice and law, for they are not the same. If justice is pursued and achieved outside the bounds of "the law," then so be it. Justice is the highest pursuit of government, not "compliance" with whatever statutes are on the books.

For the record, this Yankee agrees that "The War of Southern Secession" is the proper name. I use "Civil War" only so people won't be confused.

JK, you say, "Yet I feel the Union provides benefits which outweigh her overbearance." That applies to many situations but in all applicable cases is true only to a certain extent. A wife might stay with an abusive husband because she has nowhere else to go and/or cannot support herself. The relationship between state governments and Washington went beyond that in the late 1850s, and that bastard tyrant Lincoln showed he was willing to shed the blood of hundreds of thousands of people to get his way. The vast majority of Northerners actually wanted to let the South secede peacefully. Part of it was remembering that several decades before, it was Northern states who had threatened secession. The other part was a fear, later proved correct, that Lincoln would resort to conscription for an unpopular war.

So Lincoln was a hypocrite, and more so because he had no problem with part of Virginia seceding to form West Virginia. By the standard Lincoln set, the South had every right to use its military to subjugate and destroy the newly seceded Virginians.

Posted by: Perry Eidelbus at February 15, 2009 5:01 PM

My friend Perry makes the homini est governmentus fallacy: equating an individual's right with a government's (and yes, of course I just made that up).

I agree in jury nullification (Lysander Spooner contributed much to that) and hope that I would have ignored the Fugitive Slave Act had I been around so to do. I have annoyed my blog brothers by suggesting that "illegal" aliens can conscientiously ignore immigration law.

But I do not extend that right to the State of New Hampshire's refusal to honor treaties, supply troops for national defense, or eschew chattel slavery as required by the 13th Amendment.

Posted by: jk at February 16, 2009 11:20 AM

Once again, just because something is "the law" doesn't mean that it's moral, proper or correct -- even if it's the "Supreme Law of the Land." Your argument is too absolute.

So what if it's a bad treaty, say, a deal Obama makes with the UN that leads to federal confiscation of all firearms? Imposing carbon taxes?

Should NH's National Guard be required to defend their country, though it might be ruled by a tyrant? What if all NHNG members resigned: should NH be required to institute conscription to supply forces? A friend opposed to the Iraq war once asked me how I'd feel if Iraqis invaded us to topple our national government. Well, were we ruled by a dictator whose rule was characterized by rape, pillage and systematic genocide, then I'd welcome another country coming in.

Now, the issue of slavery completely transcends all this. There is no way that a legitimate government can sanction or legitimize the violation of people's liberty, which includes slavery.

Posted by: Perry Eidelbus at February 16, 2009 4:05 PM

@Perry, et. al: I just wanted to type in a quick placeholder. I have a rather large reply in the works, but it might not be up for a day or so. Any lateness in my reply should not be thought of as as conceding the point or attempting to avoid the discussion, but to ensure that my comments are of a high enough quality to add to it.

Thanks,

~T. Greer

Posted by: T. Greer at February 18, 2009 10:43 AM | What do you think? [10]